• Manipulation/mobilization to diagnose and treat soft tissues and joint structures for the purpose of modulating pain.
• Increasing range of motion (ROM).
• Reducing or eliminating soft tissue inflammation.
• Inducing relaxation;
• Improving contractile and non-contractile tissue repair, extensibility, and/or stability.
• Facilitating movement and improving function.
• It can also be defined as procedures by which the hands directly contact the body to treat the articulations and/or soft tissues.

There are three primary benefits to ultrasound.:

• The first is the speeding up of the healing process from the increase in blood flow in the treated area.
• The second is the decrease in pain from the reduction of swelling and edema.
• The third is the gentle massage of muscles tendons and/ or ligaments in the treated area because no strain is added and any scar tissue is softened.

The current produces a massaging effect over the affected area at periodic intervals, and this stimulates the secretion of endorphins, the body’s natural pain relievers, thus relaxing strained muscles and promoting soft tissue healing. Its use is contraindicated if the affected area has wounds, cuts or infections.

IFT is used in four clinical applications, to:

• Relieve pain
• Stimulate muscles
• Increase local blood flow
• Reduce edema

• Cryotherapy is used to treat a variety of benign and malignant lesions.
• The term “cryotherapy” comes from the Greek cryo meaning cold, and therapy meaning cure.
• Cryotherapy has been used as early as the seventeenth century.
• Its goal is to decrease cellular metabolism increase cellular survival, decrease inflammation, decrease pain and spasm, promote vasoconstriction, and when using extreme temperatures, to destroy cells by crystallizing the cytosol.

• Spinal traction can be achieved non-surgically and is used to treat conditions that result in chronic back pain such as disc bulge, disc herniation, sciatica, spinal stenosis, and isthmic and degenerative spondylolisthesis.
• Spinal traction is achieved through the use of a mechanical traction device, which reduces the body’s natural propensity to resist external force and/or generate muscle spasm.
• This mechanical traction device reduces intradiscal pressure.

• This combination avoids muscle soreness, stress fractures and aching joints. Aqua jogging requires the use of a swimming pool.
• To start aqua jogging, an individual needs only swimming wear and an aqua jogging belt.
• The belt helps with maintaining the proper upright position and supports you in the water.
• The aqua jogging technique is not difficult but use of the belt is very important.

• The tape has a beneficial role in improving strength, range of motion in certain injured cohorts and force sense error compared with other elastic tapes.
• Additionally, the tape is claimed to lift the skin, increasing the space below it, and increasing blood flow and circulation of lymphatic fluids (swelling).
• This increase in the interstitial space is said to lead to less pressure on the body’s nociceptors, which detect pain, and to stimulate mechanoreceptors, to improve overall joint proprioception.
• The tape is applied with the affected muscle in a stretched position, taping from the origin of the muscle to the insertion point.
• Once applied, it is rubbed to activate the pressure-sensitive adhesive.

• Heel pain and knee pain are caused by rolling over of the foot (excess pronation).
• As the foot pronates, the arch collapses and puts stretch and strain on the ligaments running from heel to the toes causing the heel pain, while the lower leg( tibia) internally rotates, putting forces on the knee cap and weakening the muscle structures, causing knee pain.
• This may develop a bony growth right in the centre of the heel which is known as heel spur.
• Proper insole usage re-align the foot and lower limb. It reduces the stretch forces on the ligaments of the foot and reduce internal rotation of the leg and takes away this common cause of heel pain & knee pain.
• Orthopaedic conditions which may need the use of insoles are:
  heel spur, plantar fasciitis, patello-femoral pain, lumbo-sacral pain, flat feet, corns, bunions, shin pain & achilles tendonitis.